Notated music makes use of a variety of other symbols to indicate dynamics, articulation, tempo, ornamentation, and other aspects of music. Dynamic markings include, from quietest to loudest, pp, p, mp, mf, f, and ff. These symbols, which are abbreviations of the Italian words pianissimo, piano, mezzo-piano, mezzo-forte, forte, and fortissimo, are generally placed below the staff to which they apply.